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Man-Portable Defence Systems (MANPADS) are light shoulder-fired air-to-air missile systems specifically designed to strike low-flying aircraft. Small and portable, these weapons weight between 10 to 20 kilos and are operated by a single individual or in a small group.
Despite their tiny size, MANPADS have become a increasing concern in modern warfare because of their ability to take on expensive military platforms, such as helicopters, fighter jets drones, and fighter jets.
They typically depend on infrared guidance, that is, they monitor the heat signature produced by the engine of an aircraft. When a target is secured, the missile will follow it until it hits. MANPADS are especially effective against helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and jets flying at low altitudes-particularly during take-off, landing, or close air support missions. The majority of systems come with an engaging range that is 3 to 6 km which makes them perfect for defending short-range.
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Their effectiveness on the battlefield has been proven in numerous conflicts. Experts in the field of military have repeatedly emphasized the fact that MANPADS are relatively cheap and can harm or destroy aircraft valued at thousands of dollars. The cost disparity creates them as a classic instance that is an “asymmetric weapon,” where less sophisticated forces can thwart the superior technology of air power.
One of the main reason why MANPADS are difficult to combat is their concealment and portability. They are easily transportable and concealed, which makes detection and prevention difficult. This has raised concern around the world particularly about their possible application by non-state actors, or other irregular forces. The reports of possible transfer of these systems to countries like Iran have increased geopolitical tensions since it could greatly improve their air defense capabilities.
Even modern aircraft are not entirely safe. Although modern jets utilize countermeasures such as infrared flares to deflect missiles coming towards them but MANPADS that are more recent are advanced and more resistant these strategies. Aircrafts are especially vulnerable in certain flight phases like the moment after take-off or traveling at low levels.
Due to the risks involved International efforts have been focused on preventing the spreading of MANPADS. The international community and government agencies have stressed strict export laws and secure storage to stop misuse. As conflict escalates and the use of portable missile systems are a an ongoing and serious threat to both military as well as civilian aviation.
